An Analysis of the Hurricane Catrina Relief Effort Essay -- foreign ai

In a state of national emergency, the United States government is expected to be efficient and organized. When Hurricane Katrina struck on August 25th, 2005, the United States government was not readily prepared for such an immense disaster. The mismanagement of relief efforts by the U.S. government led to a lack of adequate assistance to U.S. victims along with a prolonged restoration period for those in need. Had the government accepted more foreign aid and further prepared for the storm, hurricane Katrina may not have proved such a disaster in our nation’s history. This essay will explain how foreign aid was integrated into the relief effort. Additionally, this essay will explore the government’s refusal of aid from various countries willing to provide assistance and the lessons that can be learned from our nation’s actions in the aftermath of Katrina. In August of 2005, no one could predict the brutality and intensity of the natural disaster that was about to strike the city of New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina, known as one of the top natural disasters in our nation’s history, filled the city of New Orleans with water, leaving it a disaster area. Thousands of people’s lives were turned upside down by the damage and devastation that occurred from the impact of the storm. With a storm surge entering the city over 20 feet high, residents were forced to flee and abandon their Louisiana lifestyles. The Port of Mobile in Alabama, which did not even endure the full impact of the storm, sustained an estimated 28 million dollars in damages alone due to the storm (GAO 2006). Although an official estimate was not released, the total economic impact from Katrina is predicted to be around $150 billion in total damages (Kenny, 2013), an i... ...alth Reports 123(5):555. Kelman, Ilan. 2007. "Hurricane Katrina Disaster Diplomacy." Disasters 31(3):288-309. McNeill, Jena. 2/7/2011. "Accepting Disaster Relief from Other Nations: Lessons from Katrina and the Gulf Oil Spill." The Heritage Foundation:3/1/14. Nation Master. 4/18/2006. "International Aid Response: Countries Compared." Nation Master:3/1/14. Provost, Claire. 4/6/2011. "Aid from OECD Countries - Who Gives the most and how has it Changed?." The Guardian Data Blog:3/1/14. Robillard, Kevin. 10/3/12. "10 Facts about the Katrina Response." Politico:3/1/14. Solomon, John. 4/30/2007. "U.S. Refused most Offers of Aid for Hurricane Katrina." The New York Sun:3/1/14. Walker, David. 3/8/2006. "Hurricane Katrina - GAO’s Preliminary Observations regarding Preparedness, Response, and Recovery." United States Government Accountability Office:3/1/14.

Plaw 210 Memorandum of Law Essay

You asked me to answer the question, â€Å"Are the Virginia courts likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine as set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp.†, based on the opinion and rulings of previous similar cases. SHORT ANSWER The Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp. The Jones purchased a freezer unit from Star Credit Corp for $900, three times the retail value of the unit. In this case, the court held that the contract between parties was unconscionable because it violated [HN2] U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964), which is set in place to prevent the oppression and unfair surprise of the consumer. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964) enacted the moral sense of the community into the law of commercial transactions. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) There was no fraud involved in this case. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) [HN6] U.C.C.  § 2-302 explains that the meaningfulness of choice essentials to the making of a contract can be negated by a gross inequality of bargaining power. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N .Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Since the salesman was aware of the plaintiff’s limited financial funds, and coerced them into signing the agreement, then that agreement is deemed unconscionable under this law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) ANALYSIS 1. Jones v. Star Credit Corp. Standard of Unconscionability Plaintiffs Clifton Jones and his wife, both welfare recipients, purchased a $900.00 home freezer unit, with a maximum retail value of $300.00, for a total of $1,234.80. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Their income is grossly unequal to the salesman. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The total price of the home freezer unit included the credit charges, credit life insurance, credit property insurance, and  sales tax. Id. Their first payment towards this unit was $619.88. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Star Credit Corp, the Defendant, claims that with the various added credit charges paid for an extension of time the Jones still owes a balance of $819.81 Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The credit charges alone exceed more than $100.00 the retail value of the unit. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 196 9) Plaintiff argues that the sales agreement was unconscionable according to the Uniform Commercial Code, U.C.C.  §2-302 (1964), which is intended to encompass the price term of an agreement. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) As welfare recipients, the Plaintiff(s) has/have limited finances; therefore the Defendant was able to take advantage of [them]. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). This was taken into consideration, also whether or not an exploitive and callous act had taken place. Id. â€Å"The very limited financial resources of the purchaser, known to the sellers at the time of the sale, is entitled to weight in the balance. Indeed, the value disparity itself leads inevitably to the felt conclusion that knowing advantage was taken of the plaintiffs.† Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). The court ruled in the Plaintiffs favor, declaring that the defendant has been amply compensated by the $600.00+ already paid. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The court believes that the sale of a freezer unit having a retail value of $300.00 being sold for $900.00, not including credit charges and $18.00 sales tax is unconscionable as a matter of law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) a. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Sandra A Derby was seeking a divorce from her husband, George E. Derby, of 22 years. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Husband filed a cross-bill on claims of his wife’s adultery, and persuasion to sign a property settlement agreement without consultation with counsel. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband claimed he was coerced into signing the papers with a false pretense of his wife’s eventual return to the family home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) In this case, Sandra A. Derby had been married to George E. Derby, Jr. for 22 years before seeking a divorce alleging cruelty. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d  74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife managed to persuade her husband to amend their property settlement agreement, allowing her to receive the entire value of essentially all of the valuable real estate that they owned. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This took place in a parking lot with no consultation or counselor present. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband explained that he signed the agreement because he thought if he did, his wife would return to the home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Evidence of his wife’s adultery was presented at trial and the husband was granted a divorce on that ground by the trial court. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial court also held that the separation agreement was invalid due to terms of unconscionability and constructive fraud or duress. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The courts applied this rule because a contract can be deemed unconscionable if â€Å"oppressive influences affected the agreement to the extent that the process was unfair and the terms of the resultant agreement unconscionable.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Also, the separation agreement can be held as invalid because â€Å"marriage and divorce create a relationship which is particularly susceptible to overreaching and oppression.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This case applied to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. b ecause the plaintiff was taken advantage of by the defendant. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife had knowledge of inflicted emotional distress on her husband when she coerced him to sign the agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial judge held, and the evidence supports that finding, that Mrs. Derby, â€Å"played upon the weakness of her husband and his desire to reconcile† to exact Mr. Derby. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The Virginia court affirmed the order granting the divorce and invalidating the separation agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989)The court affirmed the order for divorce on grounds of adultery, also holding that the separation agreement was unconscionable due to credible evidence. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) b. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In this case, Beckner and her husband entered into a commercial lease with Friendly Ice Cream Incorporation commencing in 1976 with an original term limit of 15 years. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v.  Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Lease required annual payment of 2% of the store’s g ross earnings above $275,000. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In 2002, Mrs. Beckner signed agreement to redevelop the property. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Shortly after, Beckner’s son indicated concern for his mother’s actions, thus requesting the documents be considered invalid and withdrawn for further consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) This is considered establishing a prima facie case of undue influence. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) If the party seeking rescission of the deed or contract produces clear and convincing evidence of great weakness of mind and grossly inadequate consideration or suspicious circumstances, and absent sufficient rebuttal evidence, is entitled to rescission of the document. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The trial court found that Beckner suffered from â€Å"great weakness of mind† and the consideration was grossly inadequate and the transaction had taken place under suspicious circumstances; however court found no support of a grossly inadequate compensation. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The Virginia court found, on the contrary, that the lesser, Beckner, was a business woman. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) On March 22, 2002, Ms. Beckner filed a bill of complaint against Friendly and FriendCo. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The chancellor entered into judgment, ruling in Ms. Beckner’s favor on Count II of her Bill of Complaint-grossly inadequate consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The court reversed the trial court’s decree rescinding the amendment to the lease and requiring repayment of funds by Mrs. Beckner. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Diana Ruth Galloway, former spouse, appeared before the court seeking review of the Mathews County Circuit Court’s ruling reversing the trial court’s ruling that the property settlement agreement between wife and former husband was unconscionable under Va. Code Ann.  §20-151. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Wife failed to prove any  overreaching by the husband, even if she had been able to prove a gross disparity in the division of assets. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Also there was no clear and convincing evidence of overreaching or oppressive behavior by the husband. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The parties were married on June 1, 1984, and separated on October 1, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) They had neither born nor adopted children into this marriage. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) After their separation in 2001, husband brought the property settlement agreement to wife’s apartment where the wife read it and proposed no changes. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The agreement was executed on September 29, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The commissioner found the agreement to be unconscionable, because there was a â€Å"gross disparity† that existed between the value of the property each party would receive. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The trial court sustained husband’s objection to the commissioner’s finding of unconscionability. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) This case relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp in the similarity of monetary value. The freezer was worth a lot less than was priced; the Jones were unaware of the actual value of the unit. Similarly, in thi s case, the value of the property was not made known to the wife. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Appellant wife, Rabha Chaplain, â€Å"challenged the order of the Circuit Court of the city of Virginia Beach (Virginia), which granted appellee husband’s motion to strike the wife’s evidence and found that the parties’ premarital agreement was not unconscionable on its face and was enforceable.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife had no source of income and was also foreign, having limited knowledge of English, therefore not allowing her to read or understand the agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She claimed that her husband had also failed to sit down and explain the terms of the agreement to her before it was executed. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife’s native language was Arabic, having lived in Morocco until the summer of 1996. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Six months after  coming to the United States to visit her brother, she met her husband. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) They were married on September 4, 1997. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She spoke limited English and relied on a translator. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Husband testified that she could read the English menu in a Chinese restaurant. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Within two months of meeting, parties became engaged. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife signed a premarital agreement â€Å"because she trusted her husband.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She had no knowledge of what the agreement held, or that it was a premarital agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She thought it was just â€Å"a paper for marriage†¦like [a] license or something.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) This case also relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp because the husband failed to disclose a [his] net worth to his wife prior to the execution of the agreement. He declared to his wife that he was a â€Å"poor man† and â€Å"didn’t have the money much.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Jessee, Plaintiff, sued store owner, Smith, seeking $2673.26 for labor pursuant to an oral contract for interior finishing work. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The parties are disputing the method of determining the labor charge, there being evidence that the plaintiff’s oral contract aligned with the trade custom. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court held that there had been no meeting of the minds concerning the labor price and the price demanded by plaintiff was â€Å"exorbitant† and contrary to public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The Defendant, Jesse, a carpenter, testified that he was asked by Smith and by Brenda Garrett, manager of Smith’s store in Norton, if he would finish the work on the interior of the store for a price of â€Å"cost plus ten percent.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) He declined and presented a† cost plus twenty-five percent†, explaining he would have to pay for the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Garrett called Smith at home and told him to â€Å"go ahead and start on Monday.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith refused to pay when Jessee presented  Smith with a labor bill of $2,673.26, representing 125% of the cost of the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith contended there had been a misunderstanding concerning the labor charge. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court moved to strike down the evidence of the oral contract. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) It also ruled the contract unenforceable on the ground of public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The judge had reasoned the labor charge was â€Å"exorbitant.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The courts reversed the trial court’s judgment, which dismissed the carpenter’s action against the store owner to recover under an oral contract, because they failed to submit the contract question to the jury. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The case was remanded for a new trial, if the parties were advised to do so. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) This case is similar to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. because monetary value was an issue of controversy. The monetary value of this job was not made clear or explained properly to the Plaintiff beforehand. Conclusion Because the salesman was dishonest in his dealing with Jones, and did not reveal the actual price value of the home freezer unit, the courts will find the contract unconscionable based on previous rulings of similar cases. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The Virginia court will apply the same standard as set forth in Jones, and will not apply any other standard. In each of these cases, people were misled into or coerced into signing a contract, when they were unsure of the terms and conditions, and were without counsel, causing the defendant to feel as if they had the upper right hand in the matter. In each case the plaintiff was left unknowing the actual monetary value of the issue, the defendant failed to reveal it. A contract is considered unconscionable when the defendant does not take the proper steps to ensure that the plaintiff is made fully aware and understands what is involved in the contract, and also the exact monetary value in the contract. So in answer to the presented question, yes, the Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in the Jones v. Star Credit Corp. case.

German V-2 Rocket in World War II

In the early 1930s, the German military began to seek out new weapons that would not violate the terms of the  Treaty of Versailles. Assigned to aid in this cause, Captain Walter Dornberger, an artilleryman by trade, was ordered to investigate the feasibility of rockets. Contacting the  Verein fà ¼r Raumschiffahrt  (German Rocket Society), he soon came in contact with a young engineer named Wernher von Braun. Impressed with his work, Dornberger recruited von Braun to aid in developing liquid-fueled rockets for the military in August 1932. The eventual result would be the worlds first  guided ballistic missile, the V-2 rocket. Originally known as the A4, the V-2 featured a range of 200 miles and a maximum speed of 3,545 mph. Its 2,200 pounds of explosives and liquid propellant rocket engine allowed Hitlers army to employ it with deadly accuracy. Design and Development Commencing work with a team of 80 engineers at Kummersdorf, von Braun created the small A2 rocket in late 1934. While somewhat successful, the A2 relied on a primitive cooling system for its engine. Pressing on, von Brauns team moved to a  larger facility at Peenemunde on the Baltic coast, the same facility that developed the V-1 flying bomb, and launched the first A3 three years later. Intended to be a smaller prototype of the A4 war rocket, the A3s engine nonetheless lacked endurance, and problems quickly emerged with its control systems and aerodynamics. Accepting that the A3 was a failure, the A4 was postponed while the problems were dealt with using the smaller A5. The first major issue to be addressed was constructing an engine powerful enough to lift the A4. This became a seven-year development process that led to the invention of new fuel nozzles, a pre-chamber system for mixing oxidizer and propellant, a shorter combustion chamber, and a shorter exhaust nozzle. Next, designers were forced to create a guidance system for the rocket that would allow it to reach the proper velocity before shutting off the engines. The result of this research was the creation of an early inertial guidance system, which would allow the A4 to hit a city-sized target at a range of 200 miles. As the A4 would be traveling at supersonic speeds, the team was forced to conduct repeated tests of possible shapes. While supersonic wind tunnels were built at Peenemunde, they were not completed in time to test the A4 before being put into service, and many of the aerodynamic tests were conducted on a trial and error basis with conclusions based on informed guesswork. A final issue was developing a radio transmission system that could relay information about the rockets performance to controllers on the ground. Attacking the problem, the scientists at Peenemunde created one of the first telemetry systems to transmit data. Production and a New Name In the early days of  World War II, Hitler was not particularly enthusiastic about the rocket program, believing that the weapon was simply a more expensive artillery shell with a longer range. Eventually, Hitler did warm to the program, and on December 22, 1942, authorized the A4 to be produced as a weapon. Though production was approved, thousands of changes were made to the final design before the first missiles were completed in early 1944. Initially, production of the A4, now re-designated the V-2, was slated for Peenemunde, Friedrichshafen, and Wiener Neustadt, as well as several smaller sites. This was changed in late 1943 after Allied bombing raids against Peenemunde and other V-2 sites erroneously led the Germans to believe their production plans had been compromised. As a result, production shifted to underground facilities at Nordhausen (Mittelwerk) and Ebensee. The only plant to be fully operational by wars end, the Nordhausen factory utilized slave labor from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps. It is believed that around 20,000 prisoners died while working at the Nordhausen plant, a number that far exceeded the number of casualties inflicted by the weapon in combat. During the war, over 5,700 V-2s were built at various facilities. Operational History Originally, plans called for the V-2 to be launched from massive blockhouses located at Éperlecques and La Coupole near the English Channel. This static approach was soon scrapped in favor of mobile launchers. Traveling in convoys of 30 trucks, the V-2 team would arrive at the staging area where the warhead was installed and then tow it to the launch site on a trailer known as a Meillerwagen. There, the missile was placed on the launch platform, where it was armed, fueled, and the gyros set. This set-up took approximately 90 minutes, and the launch team could clear an area in 30 minutes after launch. Thanks to this highly successful mobile system, up to 100 missiles a day could be launched by German V-2 forces. Also, due to their ability to stay on the move, V-2 convoys were rarely caught by Allied aircraft. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Over the next eight months, a total of 3,172 V-2 were launched at Allied cities, including London, Paris, Antwerp, Lille, Norwich, and Liege. Due to the missiles ballistic trajectory and extreme speed, which exceeded three times the speed of sound during descent, there was no existing and effective method for intercepting them. To combat the threat, several experiments using radio jamming (the British erroneously thought the rockets were radio-controlled) and anti-aircraft guns were conducted. These ultimately proved fruitless. V-2 attacks against English and French targets only decreased when Allied troops were able to push back Germans forces and place these cities out of range. The last V-2-related casualties in Britain occurred on March 27, 1945. Accurately placed V-2s could cause extensive damage and over 2,500 were killed and nearly 6,000 wounded by the missile. Despite these casualties, the rockets lack of a proximity fuse reduced losses as it frequently buried itself in the target area before detonating, which limited the effectiveness of the blast. Unrealized plans for the weapon included the development of a submarine-based variant as well as the construction of the rocket by the Japanese. Postwar Highly interested in the weapon, both American and Soviet forces scrambled to capture existing V-2 rockets and parts at the end of the war. In the conflicts final days, 126 scientists who had worked on the rocket, including von Braun and Dornberger, surrendered to American troops and assisted in further testing the missile before coming to the United States. While American V-2s were tested at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, Soviet V-2s were taken to Kapustin Yar, a  Russian rocket launch and development site two hours east of Volgograd. In 1947, an experiment called Operation Sandy was conducted by the US Navy, which saw the successful launch of a V-2 from the deck of the  USS Midway (CV-41). Working to develop more advanced rockets, von Brauns team at White Sands used variants of the V-2 up until 1952. The worlds first successful large, liquid-fueled rocket, the V-2 broke new ground and was the basis for the rockets later used in the American and Soviet space progra ms.

Advertising and Promotion - Hnd - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5031 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Task 1a. Explain the structure, roll and relationship between parties in the communication industry. Communication industry is a collection of firms that attempt to inform, persuade and remind consumers about the products and services of various organisations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advertising and Promotion Hnd" essay for you Create order It is the voice of the company brands to make relationships with customers by having a feedback from them. In a communication process feedback is as much as important as the message. In this process of communication there are different types of organisations and people that accomplish various tasks to complete this cycle. We can simply them by drawing a structure as follows. The client is the organisation who needs to sell the products to target audience through an advertising campaign. They are selecting the agencies for that and discussing the plans with them for a better communication. They finance the whole process of advertising and promotions. And also evaluate and control the campaign. There are two types of agencies which are advertising and promotional. They are providing the information about the current market situation to the client organisations to achieve their targets. Advertising agencies are giving concepts and create attractive advertisements for target customers to each and every product. Promotional organisations are doing various types of promotional activities like sponsoring games and events, street promotion, promotions inside shopping centres etc. And also they are acting as an additional resource to the client organisations by doing all the administration and accountancy for the advertisements and planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the procedures for promotions. There are different types of media organisations which are used to provide information and persuade customers to buy products and services. Nowadays internet, television, radio, magazines and news papers are providing most of the information to customers. When choosing a media for advertising agencies should know the cost, target audience media habits, product and message characteristics for better performance. There are such organisations that are providing extra services to advertising campaigns. Some of them are printing media, promotional gift suppliers, exhibition organisers, coordinators for promotional activities. They are an extra category to support the process and sometimes cover the whole part of the campaign. Target audience is the most important part of the advertising process which can be mass market, special market or niche market. Client should be very careful when selecting the media and the advertising concepts for the products according to the target market. They can get the feedback from them for the improvements and free publicity from them if it is an attractive and worth product for their money. In this whole process the client and agencies are having a direct relationship to accomplish the tasks. But target customers are having an indirect relationship with client through the media. And some promotional activities customers are having an indirect relationship through agencies or special service providers. That is an easiest way of getting feedback immediately by evaluating the customer rates. Task 1b. Identify the current trends in advertising and promotion and evaluate their impact. Nowadays the advertising and promotional market is more competitive than past. There are lot of agencies which provide information to customers for their accomplishment of needs. And also more clients are using advertising as a specific way to introduce and promote their products and services. People are using easy ways to gather information like television, internet, radio etc. And the media is doing a huge task to communicate the people through their advertisements. Most of the clients are doing direct marketing through the internet by direct mailing to all the service users of mail browsers such as yahoo, Google, etc. And also they are using community web sites like My space, Face book, Twitter to promote and advertise their products. Some of the advertisements are coming as pop ups when we are opening another web site or when we are working in another web site. Some clients are using public places to promote the products. Ordinary billboards are used in special ways such as flashing screens and some parts are coming through the boards to front or side. And also they are using public spaces to show their advertisements such as garbage cans, parking meters, elevators, airline snack packages, toilets, bicycle racks etc. In the shopping centres some promotional campaigns are taking place to persuade customers to their products. And also the name boards of shops are using as an advertising tool. The clients are providing the boards free of charge with their name on it and pay for the shop owner to promoting their products. The same thing is doing by using public transport services and private coaches also. Nowadays advertisements are very attractive and using less time. And also they are using musical backgrounds to attract customer concern. And also clients are using music videos to promote their products. In music videos we can see some products are showing by the actors and musicians for the purpose of persuading the customers. And also they are sponsoring reality shows like X factor, got talent etc. Some elide class products are promoting in fashion shows, parties for high class people and some first class shopping malls and hotels because their target market is different than the mass market. From all of these current trends we can recognize the advertising industry is more competitive and target oriented. And also people are having a habit of getting information through the campaigns. Task 1c. Use models to assess the impact of advertising and promotion on customer behaviour. Advertising and promotion is the major key to introduce and remind the products to the customers in a persuading way. The first model is a simple model that shows the exchange between marketing company and the customer. This simple model of exchange gives the main idea in a market place that information and money flows throughout the procedures. Marketing company promotes the products and services and when the customer gets that information he buys the products which lead the company to get revenue. Simultaneously marketing company get the feedback from the customers which is more valuable for future plans. But this model is not having a higher persuading power among the mass market although it gives the information about the products and services. If they used attractive advertising campaigns it would be more profitable and it can change the buyer behaviour. The other effective models are response hierarchy models that describe the three mental stages of a human that need to be passed to buy a product. These stages are, †¢ Cognitive †¢ Effective †¢ Behaviour The first model is called AIDA. It describes the desire that build in the customers to purchase the products and services. In this model advertising and promotion is used to make an attention about the products in customers mind and interest in features. Then a desire is growing in the mind to buy the product. This is an effective way to persuading customers to change their behaviour to buy different products. There is another model in hierarchy called DAGMER. It persuades the customers by giving the awareness of the products and services in a comprehensive way. This is more effective in innovated products that want to be informed entirely to customers. By considering all the models of advertising and promoting the products and services there is a huge impact on customers to choose their day today needs and wants. As there are multiple choices in the market customers can change their buying behaviour by gaining the information from most attractive advertisements and promotion campaigns. And also it changes the mind of the customer to buy not only their needs and wants but also the luxurious products and services to comfort thier life style. Task 2a. Explain and demonstrate how advertising can be designed to differentiate, remind, inform and persuade. Advertising is a form of presenting and promoting the ideas, goods or services to the mass through several media such as television, magazines, news papers, radio, internet etc. It is used by business and non profit organizations to communicate their ideas and information about their products, services and events. Most of the organisations doing their advertising campaigns through agents. But some mega companies such as Coca cola, Unilever have their own advertising departments. The advertising process can be briefly explained as follows; [pic] The objective of the advertising process is to fulfil the task of communicating the message to the target market in an effective way. So that advertising companies are used three different ways to design their advertisements. These are; †¢ Inform †¢ Persuade †¢ Remind The informative advertising is used to give the information about the new products and services to the market. It gives all the features of the products such as price, performance, company details, available places, and so on. And also this design is used to re launch the old products with modern features and services. As an example when a company introduces technical products such as new mobile phones, the advertisement includes all the added features and the operating information. The persuading advertising is used to attract the customers to a certain brand or category of products which has lots of competitors in the market. These advertisements show the benefits of using the products and services to convince the customers to buy their brands. And they are trying to differentiate their products from the other brands by comparing directly or indirectly. Most of the supermarkets such as Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda, and Morrisons are also use these types of advertisements to compare their goods and services with others. The reminder advertising is used to remind the customers about well established products and services to maintain the interest and awareness to do their business smoothly without any failures. The world famous brands such as Coca cola, Carlsberg, and Sony spend most of their profits for advertising and promotional techniques to maintain their position in the market. Nowadays advertising is used to differentiate the same products in different brands such as milk, yoghurt, chocolate, cosmetics, shampoo, garments etc. And also retailers entered into databases in web sites such as compare. com, confused. com to compare their products with the others and give the privilege to the customer to choose the right product at right price. Task 2b. Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations. Advertising is used in different situations to convey the ideas of clients in different media. In every situation client must use appropriate ideas and concepts and also the media to attract the consumer’s attention for fulfilling the objectives. I. Advertising of changes and novelty When introducing a new product to the market advertising is doing a major role of giving information and attract the consumers to the product as well as adding new features to the existing products. If the products are innovative, inventions or new introduces advertising campaign must be more informative rather than giving confused ideas about the product. The house hold products such as television, car, radio, IT products, luxury products are fully depend on the attractive advertising. When consumer gets the idea of using the new products they try to change their behaviour to enter the innovative features of new products. In that case company should be careful about the price, distribution and awareness of the product that affects consumer’s buying behaviour. When doing advertising campaign it should be clear and to the exact point for products that available in the market. It also should show the importance and benefits of using the new brand. II. Advertising in competitive markets This is important to maintain the market share and the consumers’ awareness and preferences in competitive world. And also it helps for producers to stable in the market. This type of advertising is used where many alternative products and brands are existing for same functional situations such as basic needs of consumers. For gain the market share clients use comparison and criticism in their advertisements. Large supermarkets focus their advertisements for comparing the prices of a shopping basket with the competitors. It is more suitable because people are price sensitive and there are no legal issues for comparison. Other than that competitors use huge promotional campaigns for their declining products through daily news papers, magazines, TV channels as well as their own business premises to maintain and build their market share. Task 2. c Evaluate the role, organisation and functions of agencies in the advertising process. Advertising agency is a service provider to a company that need to sell their products to the market through advertisements or promotions. The agencies are independent from the client and make the plan, create the advertisement, and sometimes do the promotions after doing a market research. There are several types of agencies in advertising field such as; †¢ Full service agencies This provides a full service to the client such as planning, creating, producing, choosing and buying media for the advertisement. And also sometimes implement the promotional techniques and market researches. It’s providing a combination of all the activities that client doesn’t want to go here and there for achieving the target. †¢ In house agencies Some organisations have their own advertising departments to handle all the activities to create and implement the advertisements. It’s called as in house and more suitable for worldwide organisations such as Coca cola, KFC etc. †¢ Creative hot shops These agencies are providing the creative ideas and solutions to produce the advertisements and plans for implementing it in an attractive way. †¢ Media independents These are media experts who plan and buy the media for advertisements. They buy the air time from TV, radio and other sources and sell them to clients for implementing their advertisements. †¢ A le carte These agencies are providing service packages to the clients as they can choose the different services from them. Some includes market research, planning and creating. And some includes the producing the advertisements with them. Advertising agency must complete several functions to accomplish the task of the clients. They have different departments to do the accounting, research, creative planning, and media planning. †¢ Account Management This is the connection between the agency and the client to handle all the decisions regarding the advertising campaign. It’s representing the client’s point of view in the agency and understands the business, marketing needs and build up the strategies to accomplish client’s objective. Creative Team The designing part is being done by creative team. It has the responsibility to generate the ideas, design the concepts and finally make the advertisement as much as attractive to the target market. And also it should be described the client’s need of advertising. For that creative team is consisting of graphic designers, computer programmers, copy writers, audio and film producers and so on. †¢ Researches This is used to assess client’s market situation, customer views and competitors before doing an advertising campaign. And also they assess advertising concepts in early stage of advertising with selected members of the target market to choose the most appropriate concepts. After implementing the advertisements researches are taken place to measure the success of the campaign and identify the barriers. †¢ Media Planners Media department has two major functions which are planning and buying. They should plan the size, cost structure, time schedules and all the major work of the advertisement. And also buy the best media for the campaign that more attractive to the target market and negotiate the best deals with them. Full service agencies are dealing with all the functions of advertising. Rather than using a full service agency clients can use creative hot shops for specialist creative ideas. And also media independents for all the media work and so on. Sometimes it gains benefits for the campaign. Task 3. a b Differentiate between the characteristics and objectives of the various below-the-line promotional techniques  and  recommend the use of individual techniques in two commercial situations. Below the line promotional techniques are short term, non media promotion which is largely persuaded the consumers to change their buying behaviour. It can be more effective when pressurized the marketing team to work in a limited budget for a given objective and also cost efficient to communicate with the target market for various products. It is important to promote fast moving consumer goods as well as the industrial products. The most common below the line techniques are; [pic] †¢ Personal Selling Most of the telecommunication networks use this below the line technique to increase the customer base and the market share. They use different types of sales forces to deal with the customers directly. Some are working inside the premises and making contacts via telephone and e-mails. We can observe their work in last months of a mobile contract period as they trying to keep the existing customers by giving full details about new offers and services and also new models of phones which they can gain free of charge. Some of the sales forces go to the customer and persuade them to buy the products and services. We can see them in big shopping centres, at the bus stops in busy areas, and fun fairs etc. And also pharmaceutical companies use the sales representatives to inform their brands and various medicines to physicians and other pharmacies as a part of personal selling. Some organisations use to maintain a contractual sales force including agents, dealers, and brokers who get the commission for their sale. †¢ Public Relations Business organisations use this technique to persuade and remind the customers about their products and services. They use several methods according to the target market and the opportunity they can act more powerfully. We can observe in worldwide games such as foot ball and cricket, companies are sponsoring for the matches to gain a huge customer base and persuade them to buy their brand by growing a brand image. Most of them are sporty brands such as Coca cola, Nike, Adidas, Gillette, etc. Some organisations use exhibitions to display the items and services with full details to attract customers. Most of the exhibitions based on a subject as wedding, art, antique, and so on. In a wedding exhibition we can see all the industries are coming together such as clothing, floral arrangements, filming and photo albums, party ware, make up and cosmetics, food and serving and all the essential event takers. So it is useful and customers can make choices among all the competitors in a one place and also companies can get more benefits as they can directly contact to the people who interest on their products. †¢ Sales Promotion This is the most common way of promoting the products and services nowadays and customers are attracting to it so much. Most of the products use the method of half price as they want to increase their sales and also they use 3 for 2 method that customer can get 3 goods at the price of 2. All these numerical efforts are using to attract the customers to certain product lines and remain their brand names. All fast moving and competitive goods are using these types of promotions to get the competitive advantage. And also supermarkets use various methods to increase their sales as a whole. As an example we can see the Club cards in Tesco, Nector cards in Sainsbury’s, Bonus cards in Iceland which customers can collect points over their buying and get benefits such as vouchers, gifts, discounts when they reach to a certain level of points. And also they use the seasonal promotions such as Christmas, summer, Halloween, valentine, to attract the customers by giving competitive discounts. Direct Marketing These types of techniques are used in several organisations to market their product to the target customers in a well organised direct way. When launching new high class products such as jaguar, Aston martin, D G, they use direct selling as a conference or fashion show for high class people who can afford those products. And also companies use this technique to sell machinery and ot her equipments to another company by direct appointments and showing the products and usage to a selected range of customers. Advertising and all these below the line techniques are used in different ways in different organisations as we know the competence is so high and new products and services are coming to the market day by day. The organisations which use all the tactics and strategies to fulfil their objectives can survive in the market without fear of the competitors. All the others are losing their market share and customer base because they can’t compete with the newly developed brands that provide more customer satisfaction. Advertising and promotion is all about giving the opportunity to the customer to choose the suitable product or service at a reasonable price at the right time. The industry of communication is the way to achieve the customers in their busy lives to inform, remind and persuade them to lead the buying behaviour as they required. So that most attractive and competitive organisations can make the images of customers’ minds by using all these promotional campaigns. | | | | | | [HSBC sRILANKA] | | | Task 4. a Explain the principles and process of campaign management. Task 4 (b,c,d) Develop a promotional plan for a commercial Organisation. Use appropriate techniques. Also include how your campaign’s effectiveness will be measured. Process of Campaign Management †¢ Assess marketing communication opportunities. In this section we are to visualize the expectations of the target market. This is considered as the most important step of Campaign management. Furthermore we it is essential to identify to whom that we should send our message, whether it is to the current consumers, financial supporters or general public. †¢ Determine your objectives The chosen target market has to be captured by launching promotional campaigns by using short term or long term, deciding the ideal promotional campaign is based on in terms of the behaviors by people who have been integrated in our promotional communication. †¢ Determine your promotional mix The set up of the promotional mix includes as the centre where we have to create an interest among the buyers in order to make our promotional campaign a success. †¢ What communication channels to use Here we have to identify the market, demand for the product and the environment. We could use sport channels, business channels, internet popup, †¢ Develop your promotional message Developing the promotional message includes content, appeal, structure, and the format; this has to be implemented due to the target audience and the demand for the product or the service. †¢ Develop your promotional budget Here we have to set up the budget for the whole campaign, this includes all the aforesaid processes and especially the media planning and the mix of promotion that we have implemented will affect to the promotion budget directly. †¢ Determine campaign effectiveness This has to be documented by initialising the copy platform, situation analysis, and timetables. We can gain information from the reactions of the general public (target customers) whether they are satisfied with our product or service implemented by promotion campaign. CONTENT 1. Company Introduction (HSBC) 2. Company Analysis (SWOT) 3. Product Launching (Smart savings account) . Company Strategy (Pull) 5. Budget for the promotional campaign 6. Promotion Mix 7. Media Planning 8. Time table for the promotional plan 9. Evaluation Measurement HSBC –Sri Lanka HSBC-â€Å"Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking corporation† known as the worlds local bank, was incorporated in 1865 in Hongkong as a small bank with limi ted share holders and with a few customer base in the banking sector. In 19†s the organisation spread their network throughout the world by incorporating the bank in Asia Pacific – (1028 Branches), and Middle East Africa ( 275 Branches)Europe,( 2598 Branches) and America ( 4692 Branches). The HSBC became the one of the largest bank in today’s financial sector during the last decades HSBC started their operation in Colombo srilanka in July 1892 is one of the first banks in srilanka. HSBC has now spread their network everywhere with 24 express banking centres 14 branches. The premier centre is situated in the heart of the city. HSBC is the number one financial organizations in Srilanka who has the highest capital strength among the private banks. The main competitors of the HSBC are the Standard Charted Bank Commercial Bank. In addition to that there are number of local government banks The SWOT Analysis of HSBC Sri Lanka. The Strength: †¢ HSBC (The Brand name) is a multinational organization †¢ Recognized all over the world. †¢ The employees the high quality service they provide is strength for the organization. †¢ Banking facilities such as internet banking, 24 hour customer service, phone banking, and international money transfer service. Weaknesses: †¢ Does not have an island wide presence. †¢ All the branches are situated in the city of Colombo †¢ The native language (Mother language) does not use in any documents in the bank day to day activities. Opportunities: Opportunity to approach the untouched markets which are average income people low income people. †¢ In the existing market all the other banks are offering interest rates under 6% for savings accounts. But the HSBC has the opportunity capture the market by introducing a savings account with a higher interest rate. Threats: †¢ High Competition †¢ The p erception the image on HSBC is not positive among the community. People think it is a risk to invest in a private bank it is expensive. Most of them prefer to save their money in local government banks. The New Product:- Smart Savings. Product launching date: 14th February 2010 The promotional plan is for the newly introduce saving account which is known as Smart Savings. †¢ â€Å"Smart savings account has introduced as a teenage savings account with an attractive interest rate of 8% per annum the initial deposit required Rs 5,000. †¢ The savings account holders will be entitled for all the facilities which is providing by the bank. Promotional Plan for Launch the â€Å"SAMRT SAVINGS ACCOUNT† The Objectives of the promotional Plan. †¢ Differentiate the savings account from what others banks are offering †¢ Remind the â€Å"SMART Savings† when they are in the process of searching savings accounts information. Inform about the new product benefit †¢ Persuade the target group to open the savings account with HSBC. Type of the Campaign †¢ The campaign will run for three months. †¢ Burst Campaign for first two weeks the campaign will run with high frequency parallel with the product launch. †¢ Drip Campaign will run for remain ten weeks with less frequency. The promotional strategy that we are using for this campaign is Pull Strategy. Pull strategy Pull strategy is a part of promotional activity targeting at end consumers. This is persuading the target group by using below promotional mix †¢ Advertising. Sales promotions. †¢ personal selling †¢ Direct marketing Sponsorships. †¢ Public Relations The Budget The setup budget for the whole campaign is Rs 25 million. (? 1=Rs 185. 00) The factors which considered in order to determined the above budget are. †¢ The objectives of the campaign. †¢ The size of the target audience †¢ Based on previous year budget. organization perfor mance †¢ Based on competitors activities. [pic] The Promotional Mix Advertising Advertising is the main part of the promotion mix, and it`s uses various media to deliver the message to the customer. Advertising uses to create awareness. Therefore, they do use many methods of advertising to retain existing customers as well as to get the attention of new customers. HSBC could use different media to communicate their target audience. Such as; ? Television,: ? News Paper ? Bill boards, ? Sports Magazines/Fashion magazines ? Internet. Advertising in face book/ Yahoo /Google Sales promotions. This is short term method which most frequently used techniques in the market, which mainly concern of quantity of sales of a particular product. This mainly target to attract the fresh customer base. Examples: ? Free gifts for every account open during first month ? Bank will deposit Rs 500 as an opening amount if any account opens within first 2 weeks. ? All the account holders will entitled for a raffle draw to win a holiday package to Singapore with the best friend ? All the account holders can apply for a student loan for 10% interest rate. Personal selling Direct mails ? Sales presentations in Colleges ? Sales calls to HSBC existing customers who has teen age kids Public relation Sponsorships Public Relations help to tell good things about the organization to their target audience. Effective PR creates an emotional feeling in customers mind positive image. ? 0. 05% of the profit will contribute to the teenagers in Northern part of Sri Lanka who are affected by the civil war ? Sponsoring for inter school rugby tournaments/Cricket matches/Netball matches Types of Media Media Planning. Frequency Reach are the most important factors to be considered when deciding on media. Electronic Media: Advertising in Television: Advertising in sports channels/ Advertising in music channels Burst Campaign: Run spot advertisements every 15 minutes run detailed advertisement every 15 minutes continuously for two weeks (Between 5PM 8PM every week days) †¢ Run detailed advertisement in every one hour from 10 AM in the morning till 7 PM on weekends ( For two weeks) Drip Campaign †¢ Run Detailed advertisement every two hours between 5Pm to 10 PM week days for rest of 10 weeks â⠂¬ ¢ Run detailed advertisement in every one hour from 10 AM in the morning till 7 PM on weekends ( For the rest of 10 weeks) Radio Advertisement: †¢ Sponsoring for the karaoke singing competition organized by the radio channel Sponsoring for beach parties organized by the Youth radio channel ( Y FM) Electronic Moving Screen: †¢ Display advertisements in moving screens close by the main colleges in the city. Print Media †¢ News papers †¢ Magazines: Fashion magazines Sport Magazines †¢ Bus advertising †¢ Hoardings Bill boards Internet: Advertising in face book / yahoo / Google / hotmail |Time Table For The Promotional Plan Of SMART SAVINGS | | | | | | W 1 |W2 |W 3 |W 4 |W 1 |W 2 |W 3 |W 4 |W 1 |W 2 |W 3 |W 4 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Initial Research |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |à ‚   | |Evaluation of search results |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | Planning |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Pre Advertising |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Product Launch |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Post Advertising |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Evaluation Measurements |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | Evaluation and measurement of the promotional campaign for the smart saving account The success of our promotional campaign of promoting smart savings accounts for the teenagers, can be measured by achieve the following factors, ? The number of new savings accounts that have been open during the promotional campaign. ? Number of feed backs received regarding the saving accounts. ? Numbers of accounts opening application forms that have been obtain by customers. ? The improvement of the customer based during the promotional period. ? The profit earned by the organisation during the promotional period and it’s contributed for the ultimate profit of the organisation.

The Trio Program - 997 Words

The Way to The Trio Program The Trio program is a program that is funded by Elgin Community College. Provides opportunities for academic development, help students with basic college requirements, and motivate students toward the successful completion of their postsecondary education. In the trio program a faculty member accepted to be interviewed the member was a manager for the Student Support Services their name was Steve Aguilar. Going deeper into what the trio is and what the program can do for students. The trio program has many great opportunities for students. A manger in the trio program named Steve Aguilar had answered three questions in the interview. How do you help the trio program? By helping with many events and future†¦show more content†¦SSS goal is to increase the college retention and graduation rates for current participants. All SSS projects must provide: academic tutoring, which include instruction in reading, writing, study skills, mathematics, science, and other subjects; advice and assistance in postsecondary course selection, assist student with information on both the full range of student financial aid programs, benefits and resources for locating public and private scholarships; and assistance in completing financial aid applications. Education or counseling services designed to improve the financial and economic literacy and assist students in applying for admission to graduate (student support services program) The trio SSS has many benefits but there are two the programs that have just as much. Trio Student Services/ English as a Second Language it s to encourage and assist traditionally underrepresented students in preparation for and completion of a college education. 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Now about surprises Essay Example For Students

Now about surprises Essay Surprises Surprise. This word brings forth images of parties and fun for everyone. Like, for Christmas, when children wake up in the morning to see the tree full of presents, they have a look of surprise. A surprise can be just about anything. It can be a cookie for a small child. A surprise for a pregnant woman could be a very frightening thing. To surprise a 90 year old person, would be for him/her to win the lottery because they would win $50,000 for the next twenty years. This would not only be a surprise, but ironic. It is ironic in the fact that he most likely wont even live long enough to receive all the money. A surprise to an arrogant man, might be to be wrong about something and look very humbled about it. Surprise to a fool might be waking up one day to see that they were not fooled by something. There are so many ways to surprise someone and there are so many that are still out there that I have not talked about. That is what is great about the element of surprise. For every surprise, there are Surprisers and Surprisees. Surprisers are the ones who are part of the orchestration of the surprise event. The surprisee is the one or the group to which the surprise is being aimed or focused in on. Surprises are very healthy, for they are full of spirit, creative mischief, are a lot of fun and usually, everyone involved is in on the creation or play. Now, sometimes, like at peoples birthdays, the surprisee never knows about it. Other times, they can feel it in the vibration of the person or people surrounding the person who is planning or orchestrating the event. However, when a surprise is in the wind, the neat thing about it is that everyone usually works together in this kind of amusing and prankish harmony to get the surprise to exert itself upon the object to which its being cast. The energy around surprise events is incredibly vibrant. Sometimes there are people, who, for the life of them, cannot hold the information, energy or level of the surprise that is being planned out and in so doing, end up ruining the pleasure and nature of it by leaking the initial conception or seed of the surprise event to those who it is intended for. These people are Big Poops! Now just what is a Surprise Apprentice? A Surprise Apprentice is a person who loves working on fun, creative, life giving, spirited surprises and has the ability to contain or hold the energy and information about the Surprise Event and sees to it that it all works out. If you ever have the opportunity to initiate, plan or be part of a wonderful surprise, please dont ruin it for all concerned. Either agree to carry it out or dont get involved. Did you know that women and children tend to be very good at orchestrating surprises? The element of surprise is essential to joke-telling in many ways. It can lead to a variety of reactions by the people hearing the jokes. They can be scared by it, shocked or even excited. When the surprisee is scared you are able to see this reaction by the look on their face. If it is one of fright, they were scared by the surprise in some way. A shocked look is one that the is looking at you and asking with their facial expression, How? An excited look is one that the person is very happy with the surprise and they are smiling and laughing at it. Surprise enters joke-telling at several different places. You can use the element of surprise at the beginning of a joke, to get the joke started. At the start of a joke, a way to surprise a person is that you could make a large noise to scare them and get them to listen or you could just use facial expressions, which could lead to a surprise. If you stick your tongue out at someone or stick your fingers in your ears or etc. .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .postImageUrl , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:hover , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:visited , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:active { border:0!important; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:active , .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796 .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uabbb0408771f9f6f266cfc6dd9bae796:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Do Antiterrorism Measure Threaten Civil Liberties? Essay, people can be surprised by it. .

WATER POLLUTION Essays (227 words) - Aquatic Ecology,

Nowadays, no part of environment has escaped the effects of pollution. The environmentalists warn that water pollution specifically is getting dangerous and harmful to nature and humanity. Thus, to help reducing this problem, we have to know the causes of this phenomenon and then find the suitable solutions. The clean and fresh water we drink takes a long way to reach us. Unfortunately, with oil spills from ships, and the dumping of waste and sewage into rivers and seas, And on beaches, it is getting dirty and weird. Because of this there are certain substances that have been thrown into water to get ride of pollution poisons. These substances are mostly bad for health. Therefore water pollution is leading to the death of plant, animal and human life. Since water is very important to life on our planet people all over the world are looking for ways to make it clean again. Recoiling is an effective solution. Rather than throwing the used products in rivers or seas we can recycle it and use it again. Sensitizing people to the danger of water pollution is very useful too. Also making laws that punish the responsible for pollution will help a lot. Finally, all humans, birds and animals can not live without clean water. That?s why we have to work hard to save and protect water